Phenolic Compounds

Phenolic compounds are a broad class of organic molecules containing one or more hydroxyl groups (–OH) attached to an aromatic ring. In peat, they originate from the lignin and tannin content of the original plant material (primarily sphagnum moss) and are modified during decomposition. They are distributed throughout the humic substance fractions but also exist as free molecules.

Types in Peat

Key phenolic subclasses found in peat include simple phenols, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, tannins (condensed and hydrolyzable), and lignin-derived phenolics. Sphagnum peat is particularly rich in sphagnum acid (p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) and related compounds.

Cosmetic Relevance

Phenolics are the structural basis for peat’s antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The hydroxyl groups on the aromatic rings donate hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals. In topical applications, phenolics also have an astringent effect — tightening and toning the skin surface. This makes peat extracts rich in phenolics relevant for anti-aging and skin-firming formulations.